Tramadol HC1 is one type of analgesic drugs, which are used to overcome severe pain either acute or chronic pain after surgery. Tramadol HC1 has several characteristics such as the use of doses that are not too large ie 100 mg, 5.5-hour half-life, well absorbed in the stomach, has a price of 9.14 pKa, log P of 1.35 at pH 7 and has a stability both in water and ethanol (Anonymous, 2004).
One reason is made in the preparation of Tramadol HC1 off the slower is its role as an analgesic medication for chronic diseases. Patients with chronic diseases tend to use the drug regularly with a frequency of more than two times a day and in the long term. In order to enhance patient comfort, it Tramadol HC1 is made in the stocks off slow.
One of the methods employed in the manufacture of dosage form slowly loose matrix system where the drug is mixed with the homogeneous matrix material. One advantage of the matrix system is its use of relatively simple and inexpensive compared with other systems. This research was conducted with the addition of a matrix for slow release of active chemicals. Matrix used in this study were Metolose 90SH ®. 90SH Metolose ® is a hydrophilic matrix that can form a thick layer of hydrogel on the stocks off the latest round after contact with gastrointestinal fluids. Hydrogel layer is capable of blocking the release of the active substance in the dosage so that the speed of drug release can be controlled (Kavanagh and Corrigan, 2004). The advantage of this matrix is its like water (hydrophilic), stable despite being hygroscopic after drying, and is stable in chilled water (Harwood, 2005; Huang, et al., 2004).
From the research results are expected to increase the concentration of matrix used in the manufacture Tramadol HC1 tablets will slowly loose influence the physical properties and dissolution profiles.
How the physical properties and dissolution profiles of Tramadol HC1 tablets, formulated with slow off matrix Metolose 90SH ®?
On how many levels of matrix Metolose 90SH ® can inhibit the dissolution of Tramadol HC1 in accordance with zero order kinetics from tablet off slowly?
Knowing the physical properties and dissolution profiles of Tramadol HC1 tablets, formulated with a slow off Metolose 90SH ® matrix.
Knowing the formula is consistent with zero order kinetics of the stocks off slowly added to the matrix Metolose 90SH ®.
1. Slow Release Inventory
Stocks off slowly is the dosage form designed to release the medicine into the body slowly or gradually to release longer and prolong the action of the drug. The main objective of the stocks out of control is to achieve an extended therapeutic effect besides minimizing unwanted side effects caused by fluctuations in plasma drug levels (Sulaiman, 2007).
The advantage of dosage forms off slow compared to conventional dosage forms are as follows (Ansel, et al., 1995):
a. Reduce fluctuations in drug levels in blood.
b. Reduce the frequency of administration.
c. Improving patient satisfaction and comfort.
d. Reduce the harmful side effects.
e. Reduce health care costs.
Losses slow off the dosage form is (Shargel, et al., 2005; Lachman, et al., 1994):
a. The possibility of system failure off slow that bioactive compounds released at the same time relatively high (dose dumping duties).
b. More difficult the treatment of patients in case of poisoning or drug allergy, because the active material content is relatively high.
c. Drug prices are usually more expensive because the development and production costs relatively higher. In general, the drugs most suited to sustained-release product is the drug that has a speed of absorption and excretion of a little high, a relatively small dose of drug, a drug that is not evenly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the drug used to treat chronic conditions than Acute (Ansel, et al., 1995).
2. Slow Release Inventory Type
Preparations intended to be used off slow peroral can be grouped into two namely:
a. Extended-release drug products
1) Sustained release
Sustained release is designed to release an initial dose of drug therapy (loading dose) followed exactly the slower drug release and constant rate of drug release is designed so that the amount of drug lost from the body for elimination are constantly replaced. The benefit is produced drug levels in the blood can prevail without the need to repeat dose (Shargel, et al., 2005).
2) Prolonged action
Prolonged action designed to release drug slow and provide a backup drug continuously over a long interval of time, preventing rapid absorption, which can lead to peak drug concentration in plasma is very high (Shargel, et al., 2005).
3) Controlled release
Controlled release indicates that the controlled release of drug from the dosage form occurs as planned, predictable and slower than usual (Ansel, 1995).
The relationship between drug levels in blood versus time of various drug dosage forms can be viewed at the following picture:
Figure 1. The relationship between drug concentration curve in the Blood / drug activity against time of preparation A: Conventional; B: Sustained release;C: Prolonged Action (Sulaiman, 2007)
b. Delayed release drug products
Dosage forms which include delayed release drug product is a repeat action. Repeat action dosage forms which are designed to release a drug dose at the beginning and the second dose next time, even some products have a third part of the new dosage is released after the second part is released. The release of the sequence is governed by a "time barrier" or enteric coating (Martodiharjo, 1996).
Some physical and chemical properties that influence the making of the stocks off slow (Sulaiman, 2007):
a. Dose
Oral products used peroral dose greater than 500 mg dosage very hard to make out slow because of the large doses would produce an excessive volume of stocks that can not be accepted as an oral product.
b. Solubility
Drugs with a solubility in water that is too low or too high dosage is not suitable for off slow. The lowest limit for the solubility of the dosage form is a slow off 0.1 mg / ml. Pda drug solubility depends on the physiological pH will cause other problems due to variations in gastrointestinal pH can affect the speed of dissolution.
c. Partition Coefficient
Drugs are easily soluble in water allows not able to penetrate the biological membrane so that the drug did not get to the place of action. Conversely, for highly lipophilic drugs would be bound to the fatty tissue so that the drug did not reach the target.
d. Drug stability
The active ingredients are not stable against a variety of environments along the gastrointestinal tract (enzymes, pH, gut flora) can not be formulated into dosage off slow.
e. Molecular size
Large drug molecules showed that the diffusion coefficient of small and possibly difficult to make preparations off slow. Some biological properties that need to be considered in making preparations off slow (Lee and Robinson, 1978):
a. Absorption
Drugs that slow the absorption of absorbed or have varying speeds made preparations difficult to escape slowly. Limit the absorption rate constant of the lowest prices for oral administration is about 0.25 / h with the assumption that the gastrointestinal transit time of 10-12 hours.
b. Volume Distribution
Drugs with a high volume of distribution can affect the speed of elimination so that the drug dosage is not suitable for off slow.
c. Length
Drugs with short irradiation time and a large dose is not suitable for the stocks off slow. Drugs with long half time by itself will be able to maintain therapeutic drug levels on the index so it does not need to be made stocks off slow.
d. Therapeutic index
Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index requires careful control of drug levels that are released into the blood. Stocks off slow play a role in controlling drug release in order to remain in the therapeutic index.
3. Formulation Method Slow Release Inventory
Various Methods for making preparations and working mechanism later found out, among others:
a. The coating
This coating serves to control the availability of the active ingredient in solution form. The coating powder of the active ingredient can be performed using microencapsulation technique (Simon, 2001). Microencapsulation is a process in which solid materials, liquids and even gases can be encapsulated capsules) with a microscopic particle size, by forming a thin coating wall (wall) around the material to be used as a capsule (Ansel, et al., 1995).
b. Matrix system
Mixing with the matrix is by mixing ingredients that will be created out of slow preparation, combined with fatty material or cellulosic material, and then processed into granules that can be included in a capsule or in tablet (Shargel, et al., 2005).
c. Complex formation
Certain medicines when combined chemically with certain other chemicals to form complex chemical compounds, which may only slowly soluble in body fluids, this depends on the surrounding pH (Lee and Robinson, 1978).
d. Controlled Membrane System
In this system, the membrane serves as a control drug release rate from the dosage form. In contrast to the hydrophilic matrix systems, polymer membranes are not inflate (Lee and Robinson, 1978).
4. Matrix
Matrix is a solid carrier substance in which the drug is evenly mixed (Shargel, et al., 2005). A matrix can be formed simply by clamp or unite the drug and matrix material together. Generally, there are drugs in a smaller percentage to the matrix provides greater protection against water and the drug diffuses out slowly (Sulaiman, 2007).
There are three groups resisting materials used for tablet formulation with a matrix (Lachman, et al., 1976):
a. Insoluble matrix, inert
Inert polymer insoluble such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, ethyl cellulose, and acrylate copolymers have been widely used as basic material in the manufacture of tablets off slow. Tablets are made from materials designed to remain intact and not broken in the digestive tract.
b. Insoluble matrix but can be eroded
This type of matrix to control drug release through the pore diffusion and erosion. The materials included in this class is stearic acid, stearil alcohol, carnauba night, and polyethylene glycol.
c. Hydrophilic matrix
Hydrophilic cellulose polymer is usually used as filler materials based on a matrix system which in tablet. The effectiveness of the hydrophilic matrix system is based on the hydration of cellulose polymers; formation on the surface of polymer gels; erosion of tablets, and sustained drug release.
The advantage of hydrophilic matrix systems are as follows: simple, relatively inexpensive and safe, able to load the dose in large numbers (Collett and Moreton, 2002).
5. Release of Drug from Matrix
Dissolution is a process of solids into the solvent so that the solute (Sulaiman, 2007). This process is controlled by the affinity of the solid solution. The speed of dissolution or dissolution rate is the speed melarutnya solids in solvent Wagner, 1971; Martin, et al., 1993).
Figure disintegrsi mechanism and tablet dissolution can be seen in figure 2 below:
Figure 2. Tablet Disintegration and Dissolution Mechanism
Drug in powder form is dispersed evenly in the matrix is assumed to dissolve in the matrix and diffuse out from the surface of the matrix. At the time the drug is released to the diffusion of the drug mileage out of the tablet surface becomes increasingly large and regional boundaries compiler of the drug-containing matrix will be shifted toward the central tablet (Martin, et al., 1993; Sinko, 2006).
Figure border of the diffusing drug depreciation of the stocks can be seen in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Scheme and the solid matrix shrinkage border drug that diffuses from its dosage form, Cs = solubility / saturation concentration of drug in the matrix, A = total concentration of drug in the matrix, h = distance traveled by the drug to diffuse (Martin, et al, 1993)
Higuchi (1963) proposed an equation to describe the release rate of drug dispersed in a matrix of solid and inert.
Equation (2), for the release of a drug delivery system of the homogeneous type of polymer matrix, showing the amount of drug released is proportional to the square root of A (total amount in unit volume of matrix);
D, diffusion coefficient of drug in the matrix; Cs, the solubility of drug in polymer matrix, and t is time (Martin, et al., 1993)
Equations (2) can be written more simply as equation (3)
With k are constants. If a plot is made between the Q (total amount of drug released) versus root time (t1 / 2) then a linear relationship would be obtained if the drug release from matrix controlled by diffusion and follows zero order kinetics. Disclosure of the dissolution can be done with one or more of the following ways:
a. The time required by a number of active substances dissolved in the dissolution medium. For example T20, meaning the time it takes for 20% of the solute in the medium.
b. Number of active substance dissolved in the medium at a specific time. For example C20 is, the amount of solute in the medium at time t = 20 min.
c. Dissolution efficiency (DE)
Dissolution efficiency is the area under the dissolution curve divided rectangular area that shows 100% of the solute at a certain time. Use this method has several advantages, among others, can describe all points on the dissolution rate curve.
6. Descriptions of Materials
a. Tramadol HC1
Tramadol HC1 is a synthetic opioid which is included in group aminosikloheksanol (Tiwari, et al., 2003). The chemical name Tramadol HC1 is (±) cis-2 [(dimethylamino) methyl] -1 - (3-metoxyphenyl) cyclohexanol hydrocloride with a molecular weight of 299.8.
Are analgesic Tramadol HC1 (for severe pain either acute or chronic), with characteristic white, bitter, crystalline and odorless (Moffat, et al., 2004).
Tramadol HC1 compound structure can be seen in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Compound Structure Tramadol HC1 (Moffat, et al., 2004)
Tramadol HC1 has approximately 5.5 elimination half-hour. Tramadol HC1 for freelance slow dosage given at a dose of 100 mg. Tramadol HC1 is stable in water and ethanol, have price pKa 9.14 and log partition coefficient (log P) of 1.35 at pH 7 (Moffat, et al., 2004).
b. Metolose ® 90SH
Metolose is one type of Hidroksipropilmetilselulosa, cellulose derivatives (Harwood, 2005). Hydrophilic matrix can form a thick layer of hydrogel on stocks around the slow escape of fluid after contact with gastrointestinal fluids that can inhibit the release of active substances in preparations (Kavanagh and Corrigan, 2004).
90SH Metolose ® possess the characteristics of a white, odorless and tasteless not, powder or granule form. 90SH ® Metolose degraded at a temperature of 280-3000 C.
Metolose structure can be seen below:
Figure 5. Chemical structure Metolose (Anonymous, 2007)
R clusters at Metolose 90SH ® can be either H, CH3, or [CH3CH (O-) CH2] mH. 90SH Metolose ® consists of 22.0 to 24.0% group and 8.0 to 12.0% Methoxyl Hydroxypropoxyl clusters and has a viscosity of 4000 cP.
90SH Metolose ® can be used as a binder in tablet manufacturing. In addition, Metolose can also function as thickeners and sustained release (Anonymous, 2007).
E. Theory basis
Tramadol HC1 is a synthetic opioid and is included in the group aminosikloheksan efficacious as analgesics or antinyeri. Tramadol HC1 has a characteristic that support to be slow off the stocks, among others, do not use too large a dose of 100 mg, well absorbed in the stomach, part-time 5.5 hours and have good stability in water and ethanol (Anonymous, 2004).
One reason is made in the preparation of Tramadol HC1 off the slower is its role as an analgesic medication for chronic diseases. Patients with chronic diseases tend to use the drug regularly with a frequency of more than two times a day and in the long term. In order to enhance patient comfort, it Tramadol HC1 is made in the stocks off slow.
One of the simplest methods are often used in the manufacture and supply is slow off the matrix system, whereby the active substance mixed uniformly in the matrix (solid carriers substances).
90SH Metolose ® (cellulose derivatives) which is hydrophilic. Form a hydrophilic gel matrix which is widely used to inhibit the release of the drug because of its renewable water loving (hydrophilic), are stable though hygroscopic after drying, is stable in cold water, and reduce the risk of dose dumping (Huang, et al., 2004; Harwood , 2005).
The results Kurniawati (2005) proved that the increase of the concentration matrix K4M Premium EP methocel used influence the flow properties of granule. The greater the number methocel K4M Premium EP alirnya used to slow down. Use methocel K4M Premium EP with levels of 30% has the ability to inhibit the release of drugs is best.
F. Hypothesis
The increase in concentration Metolose 90SH ® as a matrix in the slower off the tablets will Tramadol HC1 tablets affect the physical properties that can affect the release of the medicine.
Source: etd.eprints.ums.ac.id
One reason is made in the preparation of Tramadol HC1 off the slower is its role as an analgesic medication for chronic diseases. Patients with chronic diseases tend to use the drug regularly with a frequency of more than two times a day and in the long term. In order to enhance patient comfort, it Tramadol HC1 is made in the stocks off slow.
One of the methods employed in the manufacture of dosage form slowly loose matrix system where the drug is mixed with the homogeneous matrix material. One advantage of the matrix system is its use of relatively simple and inexpensive compared with other systems. This research was conducted with the addition of a matrix for slow release of active chemicals. Matrix used in this study were Metolose 90SH ®. 90SH Metolose ® is a hydrophilic matrix that can form a thick layer of hydrogel on the stocks off the latest round after contact with gastrointestinal fluids. Hydrogel layer is capable of blocking the release of the active substance in the dosage so that the speed of drug release can be controlled (Kavanagh and Corrigan, 2004). The advantage of this matrix is its like water (hydrophilic), stable despite being hygroscopic after drying, and is stable in chilled water (Harwood, 2005; Huang, et al., 2004).
From the research results are expected to increase the concentration of matrix used in the manufacture Tramadol HC1 tablets will slowly loose influence the physical properties and dissolution profiles.
How the physical properties and dissolution profiles of Tramadol HC1 tablets, formulated with slow off matrix Metolose 90SH ®?
On how many levels of matrix Metolose 90SH ® can inhibit the dissolution of Tramadol HC1 in accordance with zero order kinetics from tablet off slowly?
Knowing the physical properties and dissolution profiles of Tramadol HC1 tablets, formulated with a slow off Metolose 90SH ® matrix.
Knowing the formula is consistent with zero order kinetics of the stocks off slowly added to the matrix Metolose 90SH ®.
1. Slow Release Inventory
Stocks off slowly is the dosage form designed to release the medicine into the body slowly or gradually to release longer and prolong the action of the drug. The main objective of the stocks out of control is to achieve an extended therapeutic effect besides minimizing unwanted side effects caused by fluctuations in plasma drug levels (Sulaiman, 2007).
The advantage of dosage forms off slow compared to conventional dosage forms are as follows (Ansel, et al., 1995):
a. Reduce fluctuations in drug levels in blood.
b. Reduce the frequency of administration.
c. Improving patient satisfaction and comfort.
d. Reduce the harmful side effects.
e. Reduce health care costs.
Losses slow off the dosage form is (Shargel, et al., 2005; Lachman, et al., 1994):
a. The possibility of system failure off slow that bioactive compounds released at the same time relatively high (dose dumping duties).
b. More difficult the treatment of patients in case of poisoning or drug allergy, because the active material content is relatively high.
c. Drug prices are usually more expensive because the development and production costs relatively higher. In general, the drugs most suited to sustained-release product is the drug that has a speed of absorption and excretion of a little high, a relatively small dose of drug, a drug that is not evenly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the drug used to treat chronic conditions than Acute (Ansel, et al., 1995).
2. Slow Release Inventory Type
Preparations intended to be used off slow peroral can be grouped into two namely:
a. Extended-release drug products
1) Sustained release
Sustained release is designed to release an initial dose of drug therapy (loading dose) followed exactly the slower drug release and constant rate of drug release is designed so that the amount of drug lost from the body for elimination are constantly replaced. The benefit is produced drug levels in the blood can prevail without the need to repeat dose (Shargel, et al., 2005).
2) Prolonged action
Prolonged action designed to release drug slow and provide a backup drug continuously over a long interval of time, preventing rapid absorption, which can lead to peak drug concentration in plasma is very high (Shargel, et al., 2005).
3) Controlled release
Controlled release indicates that the controlled release of drug from the dosage form occurs as planned, predictable and slower than usual (Ansel, 1995).
The relationship between drug levels in blood versus time of various drug dosage forms can be viewed at the following picture:
Figure 1. The relationship between drug concentration curve in the Blood / drug activity against time of preparation A: Conventional; B: Sustained release;C: Prolonged Action (Sulaiman, 2007)b. Delayed release drug products
Dosage forms which include delayed release drug product is a repeat action. Repeat action dosage forms which are designed to release a drug dose at the beginning and the second dose next time, even some products have a third part of the new dosage is released after the second part is released. The release of the sequence is governed by a "time barrier" or enteric coating (Martodiharjo, 1996).
Some physical and chemical properties that influence the making of the stocks off slow (Sulaiman, 2007):
a. Dose
Oral products used peroral dose greater than 500 mg dosage very hard to make out slow because of the large doses would produce an excessive volume of stocks that can not be accepted as an oral product.
b. Solubility
Drugs with a solubility in water that is too low or too high dosage is not suitable for off slow. The lowest limit for the solubility of the dosage form is a slow off 0.1 mg / ml. Pda drug solubility depends on the physiological pH will cause other problems due to variations in gastrointestinal pH can affect the speed of dissolution.
c. Partition Coefficient
Drugs are easily soluble in water allows not able to penetrate the biological membrane so that the drug did not get to the place of action. Conversely, for highly lipophilic drugs would be bound to the fatty tissue so that the drug did not reach the target.
d. Drug stability
The active ingredients are not stable against a variety of environments along the gastrointestinal tract (enzymes, pH, gut flora) can not be formulated into dosage off slow.
e. Molecular size
Large drug molecules showed that the diffusion coefficient of small and possibly difficult to make preparations off slow. Some biological properties that need to be considered in making preparations off slow (Lee and Robinson, 1978):
a. Absorption
Drugs that slow the absorption of absorbed or have varying speeds made preparations difficult to escape slowly. Limit the absorption rate constant of the lowest prices for oral administration is about 0.25 / h with the assumption that the gastrointestinal transit time of 10-12 hours.
b. Volume Distribution
Drugs with a high volume of distribution can affect the speed of elimination so that the drug dosage is not suitable for off slow.
c. Length
Drugs with short irradiation time and a large dose is not suitable for the stocks off slow. Drugs with long half time by itself will be able to maintain therapeutic drug levels on the index so it does not need to be made stocks off slow.
d. Therapeutic index
Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index requires careful control of drug levels that are released into the blood. Stocks off slow play a role in controlling drug release in order to remain in the therapeutic index.
3. Formulation Method Slow Release Inventory
Various Methods for making preparations and working mechanism later found out, among others:
a. The coating
This coating serves to control the availability of the active ingredient in solution form. The coating powder of the active ingredient can be performed using microencapsulation technique (Simon, 2001). Microencapsulation is a process in which solid materials, liquids and even gases can be encapsulated capsules) with a microscopic particle size, by forming a thin coating wall (wall) around the material to be used as a capsule (Ansel, et al., 1995).
b. Matrix system
Mixing with the matrix is by mixing ingredients that will be created out of slow preparation, combined with fatty material or cellulosic material, and then processed into granules that can be included in a capsule or in tablet (Shargel, et al., 2005).
c. Complex formation
Certain medicines when combined chemically with certain other chemicals to form complex chemical compounds, which may only slowly soluble in body fluids, this depends on the surrounding pH (Lee and Robinson, 1978).
d. Controlled Membrane System
In this system, the membrane serves as a control drug release rate from the dosage form. In contrast to the hydrophilic matrix systems, polymer membranes are not inflate (Lee and Robinson, 1978).
4. Matrix
Matrix is a solid carrier substance in which the drug is evenly mixed (Shargel, et al., 2005). A matrix can be formed simply by clamp or unite the drug and matrix material together. Generally, there are drugs in a smaller percentage to the matrix provides greater protection against water and the drug diffuses out slowly (Sulaiman, 2007).
There are three groups resisting materials used for tablet formulation with a matrix (Lachman, et al., 1976):
a. Insoluble matrix, inert
Inert polymer insoluble such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, ethyl cellulose, and acrylate copolymers have been widely used as basic material in the manufacture of tablets off slow. Tablets are made from materials designed to remain intact and not broken in the digestive tract.
b. Insoluble matrix but can be eroded
This type of matrix to control drug release through the pore diffusion and erosion. The materials included in this class is stearic acid, stearil alcohol, carnauba night, and polyethylene glycol.
c. Hydrophilic matrix
Hydrophilic cellulose polymer is usually used as filler materials based on a matrix system which in tablet. The effectiveness of the hydrophilic matrix system is based on the hydration of cellulose polymers; formation on the surface of polymer gels; erosion of tablets, and sustained drug release.
The advantage of hydrophilic matrix systems are as follows: simple, relatively inexpensive and safe, able to load the dose in large numbers (Collett and Moreton, 2002).
5. Release of Drug from Matrix
Dissolution is a process of solids into the solvent so that the solute (Sulaiman, 2007). This process is controlled by the affinity of the solid solution. The speed of dissolution or dissolution rate is the speed melarutnya solids in solvent Wagner, 1971; Martin, et al., 1993).
Figure disintegrsi mechanism and tablet dissolution can be seen in figure 2 below:
Figure 2. Tablet Disintegration and Dissolution MechanismDrug in powder form is dispersed evenly in the matrix is assumed to dissolve in the matrix and diffuse out from the surface of the matrix. At the time the drug is released to the diffusion of the drug mileage out of the tablet surface becomes increasingly large and regional boundaries compiler of the drug-containing matrix will be shifted toward the central tablet (Martin, et al., 1993; Sinko, 2006).
Figure border of the diffusing drug depreciation of the stocks can be seen in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Scheme and the solid matrix shrinkage border drug that diffuses from its dosage form, Cs = solubility / saturation concentration of drug in the matrix, A = total concentration of drug in the matrix, h = distance traveled by the drug to diffuse (Martin, et al, 1993)Higuchi (1963) proposed an equation to describe the release rate of drug dispersed in a matrix of solid and inert.
Equation (2), for the release of a drug delivery system of the homogeneous type of polymer matrix, showing the amount of drug released is proportional to the square root of A (total amount in unit volume of matrix);D, diffusion coefficient of drug in the matrix; Cs, the solubility of drug in polymer matrix, and t is time (Martin, et al., 1993)
Equations (2) can be written more simply as equation (3)
With k are constants. If a plot is made between the Q (total amount of drug released) versus root time (t1 / 2) then a linear relationship would be obtained if the drug release from matrix controlled by diffusion and follows zero order kinetics. Disclosure of the dissolution can be done with one or more of the following ways:
a. The time required by a number of active substances dissolved in the dissolution medium. For example T20, meaning the time it takes for 20% of the solute in the medium.
b. Number of active substance dissolved in the medium at a specific time. For example C20 is, the amount of solute in the medium at time t = 20 min.
c. Dissolution efficiency (DE)
Dissolution efficiency is the area under the dissolution curve divided rectangular area that shows 100% of the solute at a certain time. Use this method has several advantages, among others, can describe all points on the dissolution rate curve.
6. Descriptions of Materials
a. Tramadol HC1
Tramadol HC1 is a synthetic opioid which is included in group aminosikloheksanol (Tiwari, et al., 2003). The chemical name Tramadol HC1 is (±) cis-2 [(dimethylamino) methyl] -1 - (3-metoxyphenyl) cyclohexanol hydrocloride with a molecular weight of 299.8.
Are analgesic Tramadol HC1 (for severe pain either acute or chronic), with characteristic white, bitter, crystalline and odorless (Moffat, et al., 2004).
Tramadol HC1 compound structure can be seen in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Compound Structure Tramadol HC1 (Moffat, et al., 2004)Tramadol HC1 has approximately 5.5 elimination half-hour. Tramadol HC1 for freelance slow dosage given at a dose of 100 mg. Tramadol HC1 is stable in water and ethanol, have price pKa 9.14 and log partition coefficient (log P) of 1.35 at pH 7 (Moffat, et al., 2004).
b. Metolose ® 90SH
Metolose is one type of Hidroksipropilmetilselulosa, cellulose derivatives (Harwood, 2005). Hydrophilic matrix can form a thick layer of hydrogel on stocks around the slow escape of fluid after contact with gastrointestinal fluids that can inhibit the release of active substances in preparations (Kavanagh and Corrigan, 2004).
90SH Metolose ® possess the characteristics of a white, odorless and tasteless not, powder or granule form. 90SH ® Metolose degraded at a temperature of 280-3000 C.
Metolose structure can be seen below:
Figure 5. Chemical structure Metolose (Anonymous, 2007)R clusters at Metolose 90SH ® can be either H, CH3, or [CH3CH (O-) CH2] mH. 90SH Metolose ® consists of 22.0 to 24.0% group and 8.0 to 12.0% Methoxyl Hydroxypropoxyl clusters and has a viscosity of 4000 cP.
90SH Metolose ® can be used as a binder in tablet manufacturing. In addition, Metolose can also function as thickeners and sustained release (Anonymous, 2007).
E. Theory basis
Tramadol HC1 is a synthetic opioid and is included in the group aminosikloheksan efficacious as analgesics or antinyeri. Tramadol HC1 has a characteristic that support to be slow off the stocks, among others, do not use too large a dose of 100 mg, well absorbed in the stomach, part-time 5.5 hours and have good stability in water and ethanol (Anonymous, 2004).
One reason is made in the preparation of Tramadol HC1 off the slower is its role as an analgesic medication for chronic diseases. Patients with chronic diseases tend to use the drug regularly with a frequency of more than two times a day and in the long term. In order to enhance patient comfort, it Tramadol HC1 is made in the stocks off slow.
One of the simplest methods are often used in the manufacture and supply is slow off the matrix system, whereby the active substance mixed uniformly in the matrix (solid carriers substances).
90SH Metolose ® (cellulose derivatives) which is hydrophilic. Form a hydrophilic gel matrix which is widely used to inhibit the release of the drug because of its renewable water loving (hydrophilic), are stable though hygroscopic after drying, is stable in cold water, and reduce the risk of dose dumping (Huang, et al., 2004; Harwood , 2005).
The results Kurniawati (2005) proved that the increase of the concentration matrix K4M Premium EP methocel used influence the flow properties of granule. The greater the number methocel K4M Premium EP alirnya used to slow down. Use methocel K4M Premium EP with levels of 30% has the ability to inhibit the release of drugs is best.
F. Hypothesis
The increase in concentration Metolose 90SH ® as a matrix in the slower off the tablets will Tramadol HC1 tablets affect the physical properties that can affect the release of the medicine.
Source: etd.eprints.ums.ac.id
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